Sounghwan (Eric) Hwang
Ph.D. Candidate at Purdue University
- West Lafayette, IN, U.S.
- Github
- Google Scholar
Research Overview
Here is my ongoing Ph.D. research at Purdue University:
1. Secure Autonomy and Control for Multi-Agent Systems
Multi-agent systems (MASs) have gained significant attention for their ability to solve complex engineering problems through cooperative decision-making. The primary objective in MAS operation is to achieve consensus among agents (e.g., UAVs, robots, and autonomous vehicles) to accomplish collaborative tasks. For example, urban air mobility (UAM) operations can be modeled as a MAS, where aerial vehicles coordinate their actions—such as formation control or velocity-matching consensus—by exchanging information (e.g., position and velocity) with neighboring agents. However, this communication-based structure also makes MASs inherently vulnerable to malicious threats, including cyberattacks, disturbances, and system faults. To address these challenges, my research focuses on developing advanced control and resilience mechanisms that enhance the safety and security of MASs operating in adversarial environments.
The following is the summary of our ongoing research:
Reactive Multi-Agent System Defense Strategy
Research Objective:
In this research topic, we aim to design resilient control and estimation algorithms that can directly mitigate the impact of adversities. To this end, we developed resilient sensor fusion and estimation algorithms that can filter out the malicious data/information embedded in measurement output. The following videos show the realistic UAM operation in Greater Atlanta with four AVs conducting reference tracking control with formation flight. The left video shows the off-nominal UAM operation with a high risk of collisions. However, the right video shows the resilient UAM operation using our proposed method with high-assured safety.
Publications:
- Sounghwan Hwang*, Minhyun Cho, and Inseok Hwang, " An Observer-Based Resilient Control Strategy for Leader-Follower Multi-Agent Systems Under False-Data-Injection Attacks ", 2024 Midwest Workshop in Control and Game Theory, April 27–28, 2024, Northwestern University, Illinois, USA.
- Sounghwan Hwang*, Minhyun Cho, Guanlin Wu, and Inseok Hwang, " Resilient Tracking Control For Leader-Follower Multi-Agent Systems Against Sinusoidal Sensor Attacks: An LMI-Based Framework ", IEEE Control Systems Letters (L-CSS), vol. 9, pp. 1123-1128, June 2025. (Also presented at the 64nd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.)
Proactive Multi-Agent System Defense Strategy
Research Objective:
In this research topic, we focus on developing security metrics for multi-AVs that can measure the potential risk (e.g., collisions) by stealthy attacks. We specifically utilize an over-approximated ellipsoidal reachable set through the Lyapunov stability criterion. This reachable set (red-shaded ellipsoids) indicates the level of performance degradation (e.g., trajectory deviation) posed by attacks at certain future time steps. If there are overlaps between reachable sets, we can identify that associated AVs may have potential risks in terms of collisions during operation.
Publications:
- Sounghwan Hwang*, Minhyun Cho, Sungsoo Kim, and Inseok Hwang, " An LMI-Based Risk Assessment of Leader-Follower Multi-Agent System Under Stealthy Cyberattacks ", IEEE Control Systems Letters (L-CSS), vol. 7, pp. 2419–2424, 2023. (Also presented at the 62nd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.)
- Minhyun Cho, Sounghwan Hwang*, and Inseok Hwang, " Risk Assessment of Multi-Agent System Under Denial-of-Service Cyberattacks Using Reachable Set Synthesis ", 2024 American Control Conference (ACC), pp. 1293–1298, Toronto, Canada, July 2024.
- Sounghwan Hwang*, Minhyun Cho, and Inseok Hwang, "Proactive Risk Assessment of Multi-Agent Transportation Systems via Reachability Analysis against Stealthy Attacks", Accepted as a book chapter to Advances in Transportation Cybersecurity and Resilience, World Scientific Publishing.
2. Safety-Critical Control and High-Assured Safety for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Ensuring the operational safety of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is a fundamental challenge in modern aerospace systems. UAVs are vulnerable to various adversarial threats, including disturbances, wind gusts, and cyberattacks. For instance, GPS sensors can be compromised by spoofing attacks, which may significantly degrade navigation and trajectory-tracking performance. My research aim to develop safety-critical control and assurance algorithms that enhance the safety, reliability, and resilience of UAV systems operating in adversarial environments.
The following is the summary of our ongoing research:
Risk Assessment for UAVs under GPS Spoofing Attacks
Research Objective:
In this research, we develop a model-based risk assessment methodology for quadrotor UAVs under GPS spoofing attacks. These attacks represent particularly severe cyber threats due to their covert nature, allowing them to significantly degrade system performance without triggering alarms. To address this challenge, we propose a reachability-based security metric to quantify the extent of performance degradation caused by potential stealthy attacks. This methodology can be applicable to UAV tracking control operations in urban-like environments, where GPS sensors are highly susceptible to compromise by attackers.
Publication:
Sounghwan Hwang*, Minhyun Cho, and Inseok Hwang, "LMI-Driven Reachability Analysis for Fuzzy Model-Based Nonlinear Systems Subject to Norm-Bounded Input Perturbations ", IEEE Control System Letters (L-CSS), vol. 10, pp. 55-60, Jan. 2026.
UAV Safety-Filter Design through Control Barrier Function
Research Objective:
This research propose a safety-critical controller for nonlinear affine systems under actuator cyberattacks and model uncertainties. The approach combines a robust sliding mode-based control barrier function (SM-CBF) to address model uncertainties and an LSTM-based attack detector to identify compromised actuator channels. Conventional CBF controllers are sensitive to model dynamics, leading to safety violations under uncertainties and attacks. The proposed SM-CBF ensures safety despite these challenges, while the LSTM-based detector swiftly identifies compromised inputs. The methodology's effectiveness is demonstrated through quadrotor UAV stabilization in a high-fidelity simulator with Gazebo and PX4-ROS2.
Publication:
Sungsoo Kim, Minhyun Cho, Sounghwan Hwang*, and Inseok Hwang, "Safety-Critical Control for Nonlinear Affine System With Robustness and Attack Recovery", AIAA SciTech 2025: Cybersecurity, Orlando, Florida, Jan 2025.
3. Tracking Control for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles using Fuzzy Model-Based Intelligent Control
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) exhibit highly nonlinear and strongly coupled dynamics among attitude, altitude, and position states, making precise control inherently challenging. Conventional controllers (e.g., PID controllers) often fail to handle such nonlinearities and time-varying flight conditions effectively. To address these challenges, a fuzzy model-based intelligent control framework offers an efficient solution by approximating complex dynamics with a set of local linear models and adaptively blending them through fuzzy inference. This approach enhances robustness and adaptability across various flight modes. The effectiveness of this human inference-inspired control strategy is demonstrated through tracking control of a quadrotor UAV.
Publications:
Sounghwan Hwang*, Minhyun Cho, and Inseok Hwang, "LMI-Driven Tracking Control of Fuzzy Nonlinear Cyber-Physical Systems: Application to Quadrotor UAVs in Urban-Like Environment", AIAA SciTech 2026: Intelligent Systems: Adaptive and Intelligent Control Systems, Orlando, Florida.
4. Data-Driven Dynamics Modeling, Control, and Estimation for Battery Systems
The operation of modern engineering systems such as electric vehicles, renewable energy storage, and electrified aircraft rely heavily on lithium-ion batteries. Accurately modeling these battery dynamics is essential for improving their operational safety, reliability, and performance. However, many of these systems exhibit nonlinear behaviors that are difficult to capture using traditional model-based approaches, such as equivalent circuit model. My research is motivated by the need for simple and reliable methods to understand and estimate such complex dynamics. Particularly, I focus on developing data-driven modeling, control, and estimation methods for battery dynamics using the Koopman operator framework.
Publications:
- Sounghwan Hwang*, Guanlin Wu, Minhyun Cho, Vishnu Vijay, and Inseok Hwang, "Koopman-Based State-of-Charge Observer Design for Lithium-Ion Batteries: An LMI-Based Framework", ASME Letters in Dynamic Systems and Control (with MECC 2026 option), (Accepted on June, 2026)
- Guanlin Wu, Sounghwan Hwang*, Zhou Chen, and Inseok Hwang, "Deep Koopman-Style Framework for Cross-Temperature State-of-Charge Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries", Modeling, Estimation and Control Conference (MECC 2026), (Accepted on June, 2026)
5. Energy-Aware and Cooperative Constrained Control for Multi-Agent Systems
Multi-agent systems, such as UAM fleets and multi-robot teams, are typically powered by onboard batteries with limited energy capacity. Since each agent must operate within its energy budget to sustain mission-critical tasks, explicitly incorporating energy constraints into the cooperative control design is essential. Ignoring such constraints can lead to premature power depletion, degraded performance, or even mission failure. My research aims to develop energy-aware cooperative control strategies that enable multi-agent systems to accomplish collaborative tasks while ensuring safe and efficient energy consumption across all agents.
